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INTRODUCTION TO GM

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GENE EDITING MYTHS, RISKS, & RESOURCES

Gene Editing Myths and Reality

GM industry 'solution' to glyphosate resistant weeds - 2, 4-D-resistant crops

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Published: 15 February 2011
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NOTE: Chemical/GM company Dow has come up with a 'solution' to the problem of glyphosate-resistant weeds, which are fast making GM Roundup Ready technology redundant. The company has identified a gene that, when engineered into maize plants, makes them tolerate being doused with 2,4-D and related herbicides, as detailed in a study by Dow employees (abstract below). This is touted as an important advance that "can help preserve the productivity and environmental benefits of herbicide-resistant crops". The authors claim in their study that 2,4-D is safe - citing two non-peer reviewed sources.
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Wright, T. R., G. Shan, et al. (2010). "Robust crop resistance to broadleaf and grass herbicides provided by aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase transgenes." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(47): 20240-20245.

Free in full:  http://www.pnas.org/content/107/47/20240.full.pdf+html

Engineered glyphosate resistance is the most widely adopted genetically modified trait in agriculture, gaining widespread acceptance by providing a simple robust weed control system. However, extensive and sustained use of glyphosate as a sole weed control mechanism has led to field selection for glyphosate-resistant weeds and has induced significant population shifts to weeds with inherent tolerance to glyphosate. Additional weed control mechanisms that can complement glyphosate-resistant crops are, therefore, urgently needed. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an effective low-cost, broad-spectrum herbicide that controls many of the weeds developing resistance to glyphosate. We investigated the substrate preferences of bacterial aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase enzymes (AADs) that can effectively degrade 2,4-D and have found that some members of this class can act on other widely used herbicides in addition to their activity on 2,4-D. AAD-1 cleaves the aryloxyphenoxypropionate family of grass-active herbicides, and AAD-12 acts on pyridyloxyacetate auxin herbicides such as triclopyr and fluroxypyr. Maize plants transformed with an AAD-1 gene showed robust crop resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides over four generations and were also not injured by 2,4-D applications at any growth stage. Arabidopsis plants expressing AAD-12 were resistant to 2,4-D as well as triclopyr and fluroxypyr, and transgenic soybean plants expressing AAD-12 maintained field resistance to 2,4-D over five generations. These results show that single AAD transgenes can provide simultaneous resistance to a broad repertoire of agronomically important classes of herbicides, including 2,4-D, with utility in both monocot and dicot crops. These transgenes can help preserve the productivity and environmental benefits of herbicide-resistant crops.

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