NOTE: Useful summary with references.
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The Hidden Dangers of Roundup
Dr. Gregory Damato
Natural News, February 5 2009
http://www.naturalnews.com/025534.html

Roundup is the world's most popular herbicide used to control weeds all over the planet and is omnipresent in the food chain of animals and humans.

Roundup is claimed to have an active ingredient known as glyphosate (G) and said to be safe for humans even though plants are readily killed. In a first of its kind published study, French researchers recently sought to examine the toxicity of four popular G-based herbicide formulations on human placental cells, kidney cells, embryonic cells and neonate umbilical cord cells and surprisingly found total cell death of each of these cells within 24 hours.

As the percentage of genetically modified (GM) soy in the US burgeons to over 91 percent [1], researchers are beginning to publish harbingers for the potential of a maelstrom of future health problems from GMOs (genetically modified organisms) [2, 3]. One of the potential harmful triggers includes the increased amounts of chemicals present in the environment disseminating at an alarming rate with few researchers examining the combined effects of these xenobiotics on plants, animals or humans. Similarly, much of the existing research on GMOs has been undertaken on the individual organism itself and neglects to examine the more important ecological issue of synergism. This point is very notable because the world`s most popular herbicide known as Monsanto`s Roundup contains a blend of glyphosate (G) and several unknown adjuvants. The exact ingredients in Roundup are not disclosed to the general public and are kept confidential as they are labeled, "trade secrets". Monsanto assures the public these ingredients are inert and are therefore non-toxic. The most predominant adjuvant in Roundup seems to be polyethoxylated tallowamine or POEA [4, 5], which has been implicated in ocular burns, redness, swelling, blisters, nausea and diarhhea [6]. POEA is one of the most prevalent pollutants found in rivers all over the world. Problems begin to arise when G alone interacts with POEA and other unknown ingredients activating and accelerating the resultant mixture known as Roundup [7].

Monsanto patented its G propriety blend and named it Roundup in the 1970s to kill broadleaf and cereal leave weeds. G is the active ingredient utilized in nearly 75% of all edible GM plants that have been engineered to tolerate high levels of this form of G [8]. G works by inhibiting an enzyme that synthesizes the amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine thereby killing the weed. Researchers examining the amounts of herbicide used on GMO soy have concluded that the GMO soy typically receives several more pounds of G than conventionally grown soy per acre [9]. Furthermore, researchers have found that several types of newly created superweeds resistant to Roundup (e.g., pigweed, ryegrass and marestail) have been rapidly surfacing leading to increased amounts of Roundup on such crops [10]. These farmers have been told to use increasingly potent mixtures of herbicides and not Roundup alone [11]. In fact, there has been a more than 1900% increase in G use on Roundup Ready
soybeans from 1994 to 2006 [12].

For the first time, French researchers recently sought to examine the toxicity of four G-based herbicide formulations on human placental cells, kidney cells, embryonic cells and neonate umbilical cord cells [13]. The researchers used the four most common types of Roundup utilized worldwide: Roundup Express, Roundup Bioforce, Roundup Grand Travaux and Roundup Grand Travaux Plus at lower concentration levels than would be normally found in plants and in animal feed. The researchers sought to determine the levels of necrosis (death of cells due to injury, disease or loss of blood supply) and apotosis (programmed cell death) of each of these cells based on exposure to various dilutions of each of the four Roundup products as well as G, POEA and AMPA (the main metabolite of G at 14 different concentrations of 10 ppm to 2%).

The researchers were surprised by the findings and reported that all four herbicides caused cellular death for all four types of cells within 24 hours. The researchers reported several mechanisms by which the herbicides caused the cells to die including: cell membrane rupture and damage, mitochondrial damage and cell asphyxia. Following these findings, the researchers tested G, AMPA and POEA by themselves and concluded that, "It is very clear that if G, POEA, or AMPA has a small toxic effect on embryonic cells alone at low levels, the combination of two of them at the same final concentration is significantly deleterious".

Although Monsanto claims that G metabolizes into a harmless and inert substance known as AMPA, the researchers found that AMPA was more toxic to human cells than G. This finding is very noteworthy considering AMPA is more stable and present in soil, plants, food and wastewater (2 to 35 ppm) compared with G (.1 to 3 ppm) [14]. AMPA was also found to synergistically increase the toxicity of G and POEA.

The researchers also reported that G acted very quickly at concentrations 500 to 1000 times lower than present agricultural levels to induce programmed cell death. G alone was found to induce mitochondrial toxicity without cell membrane damage. Furthermore, the researchers tested very weak concentrations (.005%) of Roundup and reported cell death, lack of adhesion, shrinking and fragmentation in the cells undergoing apoptosis. The embryonic cells were the most sensitive indicating another major reason to eat only organic foods while pregnant.

Although previous researchers have proposed that the supposed "inert ingredients" alter the role of cell membrane disruptors in fish, amphibians, microorganisms [15] and plants [16], independent of G, this study is the first of its kind to report similar findings in human cells and immediately calls for strict monitoring of the agricultural usage of Roundup. The researchers concluded that, "the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected, especially in food and feed derived from R [Roundup] formulation-treated crops".

References

1.GMO Compass. USA: Cultivations of GM plants in 2007. 2008 [cited January 15, 2009]; Available from: http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri....
2.Finamore, A., et al., Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 2008. 56: p. 11533-11539.
3.Velimirov, A., et al., Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Unpublished study: Institute fur Ernahrung, Austria., November 11, 2008.
4.Acquavella, J.F., et al., Human occular effects frim self-reported exposures to Roundup herbicides. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 1999. 18: p. 479-486.
5.Williams, G.M., Kroe, R., & Munro, I.C. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 200. 31: p. 117-165.
6.Tsui, M.T. & Chu, L.M. Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate based formulations: Comparisons between different organisms and the effect of environmental factors. Chemosphere, 2003. 52: p. 1189-1197.
7.Cox, C., Glyphosate (Roundup). Journal of Pesticide Reform, 1998. 18: p. 3-17.
8.Clive, J., The global status of the commercialized biotechnoligical/genetically modified crop: 2006. Tsitol. Genet., 2007. 41: p. 10-12.
9.Duffy, M., Does planting GMO seed boost farmer`s profits? Leopold Letter, 1999. 11: p. 1-5.
10.Benbrook, C.M. Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in the United States. BioTech InfoNet Technical Paper Number 7, October 2004.
11.Nice, G., B. Johnson, and T. Bauman, A little burndown madness. Pest & Crop, 2008. 7.
12.Center for Food Safety. Agricultural pesticide use in U.S. agriculture: Why USDA-NASS agricultural chemical reporting is important. May 2008: Washington, DC.
13.Benachour, N. & Seralini, G.E. Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical, embryonic, and placental cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology, In Press.
14.Ghanem, A., et al., Glyphosate and AMPA analysis in sewage sludge by LC-ESI-MS/MS after FMOC derivation on strong anion-exchange resin as solid support. Annals of Chemistry, 2007. 79: p. 3794-3801.
15.Cox, C. & Surgan, M. Unidentified inert ingredients in pesticides: Implications for human and environmental health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006. 114: p. 1803-1806.
16.Haefs, R., et al., Studies on a new group of biodegradable surfactants for glyphosate. Pesticide Management in Science, 2006. 58: p. 825-833.