Genetic engineers are altering brewers' yeast to generate fake beer without hops

Genetic engineers in California have genetically engineered brewers' yeast that can make a beer-like substance without the use of hops.

In addition to GM-free Scotland's comment on this development at the foot of the article below, we would add:

* Much of the GM yeast, in line with the usual commercial breweries' practice, will likely be removed before bottling and thus may not be consumed in large quantities.

* However, the disposal of the yeast poses significant environmental concerns.

* The main food safety concern is that the gross alteration in the yeast’s biochemistry caused by the genetic engineering process poses a high risk of producing novel toxins or increased levels of known toxins, which will no doubt pass through to the marketed product. Even if most of the GM yeast is removed from the final product, the yeast may secrete a toxin into the surrounding beer-like fluid, which will end up being consumed. Hence the strong need for safety testing.

* A GM yeast developed in the 1990s was found to contain unexpectedly high levels of methylglyoxal, a highly toxic substance which is mutagenic (damages DNA) and carcinogenic. Its concentrations were 30 times higher than those found in non-modified strains of yeast.
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A beer-like beverage

GM-free Scotland, May 2018
http://gmfreescotland.blogspot.com/2018/05/a-beer-like-beverage.html

Craft beer brewing is an art form whose products are fast gaining in popularity. Typically, a craft brew is tastier than industrial versions because it uses far more hop flowers whose complex essential oils impart the characteristic beer flavour and aroma.

The variability of hop flowers make them an irritation to big brewers because their market demands uniformity, their factories demand recipes, and art is beyond them. Hops are also expensive. But the other vital beer-ingredient, yeast, is cheap.

Genetic engineers in California have the answer: forget the hops. Just create GM brewers yeast with a couple of extra genes to generate the enzymes to generate look-alikes of a couple of the main essential oils and bob's your uncle: a brew with a beer-like flavour and alcohol.

The novel enzyme-creating genes were copied from the traditional culinary herbs, mint and basil, and there were a couple of extra yeast genes added in too to make everything work. All of which makes it sound like a beer with nothing really unnatural or synthetic; indeed a very safe beer.

However, what had to be done to the yeast to force it to produce proteins and essential oils it didn't actually want or need was more complex. Yeast naturally produces the precursors to the essential oils required, but it does so in a tightly regulated way. To achieve an artificial accumulation of the precursors needed, this natural control has to be by-passed by artificial genes.

Presumably, all safety tests were by-passed too because in taste-tests the novel beer-like beverage was described as "hoppier", "grapefruit-like", with shades of "fruit-loops and orange blossom".

Hoppy GM yeast will be easy to sell to industrial brewers: it's cheap and promises to convert their taste-deficient brews into ersatz craft beers. Consumer "trepidation" of GM will, it is hoped, be overcome by the environmentally-friendly ticket attached to the beer: a reduction in water use (reportedly one pint of craft beer requires 50 pints of water just to grow the hops), a reduction in the land area put to growing hops, and a reduction in the energy needed for processing, transport, and storage of the hops.

OUR COMMENT

We're talking about a GM micro-fungus related to lot of diseases, with a very out-of-control disturbed physiology. It will be consumed in large volumes. It will be discarded into the environment in large quantities. It could spread itself about inside and outside you with the ease typical of all yeasts. And no one's got any notion of safety-testing it. Don't drink it.

SOURCES:

* Beer made from GM yeast could lead to much hoppier drinkers, Metro 22.03.18
* Alastair Bland, GMO Yeast Mimics Flavors Of Hops, But Will Craft Brewers Bite? www.npr.org, 4.04 18
* Scientists in the US used DNA-editing software to splice in genes from mint and basil plants, Agence France-Presses, www.theguardian.com, 21.03.18
* Charles M. Denby, et al., 2018, Industrial brewing yeast engineered for the production of primary flavor determinants in hopped beer, Nature Communications