Synthetic biology tries to recharacterise living organisms as engineerable

Item 1 below is the script of a clear and watchable new video explaining what synthetic biology is and how it's being used.

Item 2 – "We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas" – gives a glimpse into the insanity that drives some sectors of the synthetic biology boom.

EXCERPT (item 1): According to SynBio companies, their products are already in soft drinks, soaps, face creams and washing detergents. They are unregulated, unlabelled and under the radar of public awareness.

1. What is synthetic biology?
2. Cambrian Genomics CEO: We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas

1. What is synthetic biology?

BioEconomics Media Project and ETC Group
SynBioWatch, 29 Oct 2014
http://www.synbiowatch.org/2014/10/synthetic_biology_explained/
[Video at link above]

Full script:

So here’s a thought experiment. What if living things were actually machines? The sort of machines that you could take apart, reprogram, and rewire to do something entirely new? If so, plants could just be rewired to glow like light bulbs or yeast tinkered with to produce vanilla. The biotechnology industry has actually spent years trying to think about life this way, and that is the impetus to a rapidly exploding new industry called synthetic biology.

Don’t get me wrong: living things are not machines. A bacteria or a yeast is a complex evolving organism. It’s as different from a machine as a skyscraper is from a cloud. But the field of synthetic biology tries to bring orderly engineering principles to the messy stuff of life; it tries to recharacterise living organisms as engineerable.

Here’s how. For a start, any living organism has a body or a cell, but the biological engineers like to imagine that as a "chassis". It also has a sort of "instructions" in the DNA of the cell. They look something like a "code". DNA "code" is made up of four chemical letters G,T,C, and A. Roughly speaking, it’s the order of those letters, like the order of computer code in software, that helps determine how a cell grows and what goes on inside it. You know, whether it produces ink or vanilla or a protein that glows green.

Now imagine – so the thinking goes – if you could just "reprogram" that "code" so that the "chassis" cell does something commercially profitable with these so-called "biological machines". The cell can be "re-programmed" to act as though it were a tiny biological "factory" that would pump out whatever chemical you desire. And scaling that up, you could make millions of those "programmed cell factories" (because they are self-replicating) and then hold them in a big industrial vat.

Well, that would be a new way to make the stuff our consumer societies rely on: the plastics, fragrances, food ingredients, and fuels. That is the incredible vision behind Synthetic Biology (or syn bio). It’s the applied re-engineering of lifeforms to make stuff.

Synthetic biology is in fact already a multi-billion dollar industry. There are products already in the market place. There’s around a hundred SynBio companies who have deals with the largest chemical, food, energy and cosmetics companies on the planet. Many of them are household names.

According to SynBio companies, their products are already in soft drinks, soaps, face creams, and washing detergents. They are unregulated, unlabelled, and under the radar of public awareness.

Technically, synthetic biology is an extension of genetic engineering; "extreme genetic engineering", if you like. The difference being that the field of manipulating life has come quite a long way since corporations first started splicing and dicing genes back in the early 1970s.

Back then, it used to work this way: genetic engineers would search out sections of DNA code in nature, cut the DNA out of existing organisms, and then insert it into a new host organism in a "cut-and paste" process.

Today, synthetic biologists use a DNA printer. It’s called a DNA synthesiser. It builds artificial DNA from scratch and so you can now arrange the DNA code any way you want. You don’t need to find DNA in nature anymore, you just buy it from the internet.

It’s even possible to synthetically print out from scratch all of the DNA of a living organism. Craig Venter did his in 2011. He created a microbe, nicknamed Synthia, whose full set of DNA had been printed out by machine. He called it “the first self-replicating species on the planet whose parent is a computer”.

Most synthetic biology companies are coming up with artificial DNA codes that force microbes to make industrially useful compounds.

Evolva, a Swiss-American SynBio company, has re-engineered yeast to make the compounds found in the spice saffron. Saffron is usually picked from crocus flowers in Iran, but Evolva can now brew their synthetic saffron in a large vat of engineered yeast – much the same way beer or wine is made.

Another synbio yeast produces vanillin – that’s vanilla flavour, but without a vanilla plant being needed. Because the ingredients are made in a kind of "brewing" process, the companies believe they can label them as "natural". That pits the truly natural compounds directly against the new SynBio inventions.

This prospect of lab-grown food and consumer ingredients is exciting to the 22 billion dollar flavour and fragrance industry. But, especially with those "natural" claims, it’s reason enough for tropical farmers to become alarmed. Every hectare of natural saffron growing in Iran provides jobs for up to 270 people per day, and replacing that with Syn bio saffron now threatens those jobs.

An estimated 200,000 people grow, tend, and cure vanilla beans in Madagascar, Uganda, Mexico, and elsewhere. Those farmers already have precarious livelihoods because of chemically synthetic vanilla. But now SynBio vanillin further undermines them.

It also threatens the ecosystems they live in, because vanilla farming is closely tied to rainforest protection. The natural vines require in tact forests to thrive. But if the price of natural vanilla crashes because of SynBio vanilla, farmers may instead resort to hacking away the forest to plant rice to survive.

Of course, the synthetic biology industry can’t do away with farmers altogether. Vats of engineered yeast or algae require vast quantities of sugar sourced from corn or sugarcane plantations. This is why so far, all the largest SynBio companies have set up manufacturing plants in Brazil.

Cane sugar from Brazil may be sweet to eat, but it has a very bitter side too. It’s water-hungry, chemical-laden, and is often harvested by workers in slave conditions. The expansion of sugar cane is driving destruction of Brazil’s ecologically precious Cerrado region and it’s displacing other agriculture deeper into the Amazon.

In the future, Syn Bio companies hope to also feed their microbes on wood chips and sawdust and even natural gas, and so the extreme genetic engineering folks are now buddying up with the extreme energy industry of fracking.

And then there’s the hot button question of safety. Genetic engineering has already faced 40 years of global controversy because of the unpredictable side effects of mucking around with genetic code. Extreme genetic engineering only intensifies those uncertainties. How a synthetic biology organism will grow, adapt, behave, and change is at best speculation.

Some unpleasant scenarios are easier to imagine than others. What if an algae engineered to produce gasoline (which has been done) escapes and it starts to reproduce in rivers, streams, and oceans? In this case, the escaped organism may become a self-generating oil slick.

Governments don’t yet know how to assess synthetically modified organisms for safety and so most are supposedly being kept contained, but now a new wave of SynBio organisms are being developed that are intended for environmental release.

In April 2013, a group of "bio-hackers" from California used the website Kickstarter to raise almost half a million dollars to commercialise a synthetic biology plant that glows in the dark. For forty dollars a pop, the "glowing plant project" promised to send hundreds of thousands of bioengineered seeds to over 6,000 random individuals across North America. Thats a large unregulated release of synthetically modified organisms. Crazily, the US government declared it didn’t have the means to regulate these extreme organisms. So despite vocal opposition, the Glowing Plant company will soon start mailing out its unregulated, unmonitored SynBio plants.

As the industry of synthetic biology races ahead, regulators are very much lagging behind. Delegates to the 193 countries of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are belatedly beginning to grapple with oversight of synthetic biology. Already an international fight is brewing between a handful of rich countries who back the SynBio industry and those tropical nations whose farmers, fields, and forests, stand to lose from the new bioeconomy that synthetic biology is about to unleash.

2. Cambrian Genomics CEO: We’ll design every human on a computer and make poop smell like bananas

venturebeat.com, 29 Oct 2014
http://venturebeat.com/2014/10/29/cambrian-genomics-ceo-were-going-to-design-every-human-on-a-computer-and-make-your-poop-smell-like-bananas/

Say this for Austen Heinz: His vision for the future will either thrill you or leave you fearing for the future of humanity. There’s not really any room in the middle.

In a pair of interviews, on and off the stage at the Pioneers Festival in Vienna today, the CEO of San Francisco-based Cambrian Genomics explained the mission of his company, which is often benignly described as “laser-printing DNA”.

So what does that mean?

“We want to make everything that is alive on the planet,” he explained. “Everything that is alive is not optimal. It can be made better.”

But he doesn’t have plans for replication: “We want to make totally new organisms that have never existed,” he said. “And replace every existing organism with a better one. It just seems obvious that eventually every human will be designed on a computer.”

Lest you think these are the ravings of a mad scientist, or the opening scene of a new sci-fi dystopian thriller, well, it’s not. Heinz is calm and rational in his view. And while his company has not disclosed its total fundraising, it’s backed by such notable Silicon Valley names as Peter Thiel.

The technology at work here is complex, but essentially Cambrian Genomics says it has found a way to dramatically reduce the cost of printing a strand of DNA. Sequencing of the genome is so advanced, Heinz explained, that basically people can take DNA code from libraries and create organic mash-ups, much the way any programmer can pull computer code from code libraries. That new code is then laser printed for a fraction of what it used to cost.

The most notable example of this technology at work was the “glowing plants” campaign on Kickstarter. Using these synthetic biology techniques, the campaign promised to take bioluminescence genes from bacteria and fireflies and insert them into several plants to make them glow in the dark.

The backers raised $484,013 from 8,433 backers. But then Kickstarter responded by changing its rules by banning genetically modified organisms from its platform.

Now Heinz is fighting back. He said on stage that the company will soon launch its own crowd-funding platform for GMOs, called “creature creators”. Cambrian will also help other people create slick videos to promote their synthetic biological creations.

One such project he mentioned on stage was Petomics. The project essentially aims to take genetic material for the odor of bananas and inject it into E. coli bacteria. The modified bacteria would be introduced into pet food and the result would be … poop that smells like bananas.

“It’s a pretty strong smell, too,” Heinz said.

Heinz doesn’t appear to fear the potential backlash such biological tinkering could provoke. For him, there is a simple logic at work at makes such technology inevitable. People are essentially badly designed computers, he said.

“We are running a program that is designed for us to die,” he said. “I think obviously every organism will be designed synthetically. It’s not a stretch to take it to every human and everything that’s alive.”