THE SEED AND THE SPINNING WHEEL: THE UNDP AS BIOTECH SALESMAN
(Reflections on the Human Development Report - 2001)
by Dr. Vandana Shiva
25 Jul 01
The Human Development Reports were pathbreaking because they broke free of ruling orthodoxies and dominant paradigms of development and growth. They challenged the indicators of human progress and well being and evolved deeper more reliable measures. They literally turned development on its head.
The Human Development Report 2001 focussing on "Making New Technologies work for Human Development" is however a regression. It reverses the search for new perspectives and paradigms, especially for assessing technologies. It slips into promoting the most outmoded development paradigms and crude forms of technology myths and technological determinism, sacrificing the rich insights and experiences gained over the past two centuries of technology change in agriculture and health care. These experiences have five decades of maldevelopment and forced us to assess the impact of technologies in the larger social, ecological and ethical context, from the perspectives of those it robs of poor, resources and relevance - not just from the privileged perspective of the powerful who gain.
In the dominant paradigm, technology is seen as being above society both in its structure and its evolution, in its offering technological fixes, and in its technological determinism. It is seen as a source of solution to problems that lie in society, and is rarely perceived as a source of new social problems. Its course is viewed as being self-determined. In periods of rapid technological transformation, it is assumed that society and people must adjust to that change, instead of technological change adjusting to the social values of equity, sustainability and participation.
There is, however, another perspective which treats technological change as a process that is shaped by and serves the priorities of whomever controls it. In this perspective, a narrow social base of technological choice excludes human concerns and public participation. The interests of that base are protected in the name of sustaining an inherently progressive and socially neutral technology. On the other hand, a broader social base protects human rights and the environment by widening the circle of control beyond the current small group.
The UNDP report reinforces the myth of technology as politically neutral. It reinforces the old development paradigm based on technological determinism which perceives development as based primarily on technological development, in spite of the earlier human development reports having shown that industrialised societies can often be low in the human development indices.
It also reinforces the technology myth that the Third World is a "technology follower", and the west is a source of all technology, even though modern organic agriculture was transferred to the west from Indian peasants by Sir Albert Howard, even though one in three US citizens use Indian or Chinese medicine today and in spite of the blaring bio piracy of indigenous knowledge as in the case of neem, turmeric, basmati, tamarind etc. The Report has totally blocked out the existence and spread of technologies and innovations of the South, and the technology transfer from South to North so well documented in Dharampal's historical work "Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century".1
Worse, it even justifies richness and poverty of the North and South which has been created by political and economic processes transforms as based on an "ecological divide" between ecologically rich temperate and ecologically poor tropical regions, even though in terms of biodiversity biological richness, and biological productivity, the tropical rainforests and tropical farming systems are much richer than the monoculture forests and farms in the temperate zones. Processes that create and aggravate political and economic inequality are thus being turned into facts of nature.
The interesting question to have raised and answered was why in spite of being ecologically rich the South has become economically poor, why in spite of being the source of agrobiodiversity and medicinal plant biodiversity, the agricultural and health systems of Third World countries are in crisis, why hunger and disease is growing. The relationships between technology and trade would then have thrown up interesting new perspectives for human development.
A central tenet of technological determinism is that technology shapes society and technological change is always positive and progressive. The UNDP report repeats the assumption that "New technologies improve on the ones they replace". Large dams were supposed to improve on indigenous water harvesting structures but they have displaced millions of people and destroyed millions of acres of fertile land. Chemical pesticides were supposed to have been an improvement on natural pesticides, but they have led to increase in pests through build up of resistance. Plastics were supposed to be an improvement on cloth bags. Today getting rid of plastic bags is a big campaign everywhere. The "new" is not always better, the old need not always disappear. In fact, ecological concern is bringing back technologies which were considered obsolete.
Climate change and sustainable energy concerns has made the bicycle a better technology than the car, health concerns have made natural foods a preferred alternative to industrially processed food and concern for quality has made "slow food" preferable to fast food and sustainability has put organic farming as superior to chemical agriculture which was introduced to the Third World as the Green Revolution. The debate about technology today is about ecology, ethics, culture, livelihoods and justice. It is about cultural diversity and cross cultural fertilization of innovation. It is no longer about the west as the only source of technology, and North to South as the only direction of technology flows. It is about bringing ecology and culture to the heart of technology. It is about reevaluating illusions about the efficiency of mega scale technologies which externalise social and ecological costs. It is about recognising the innovative capacity of peasants and crafts people. It is not about the management of "trust in technology" as the Human Development Report assumes. It is not about putting a "human face" to technologies people are rejecting, because they threaten livelihoods and our collective ecological survival. The debate is about the political and ecological content of technology. It is a debate about substance, not form. Technology needs an ethical and the ecological core, not a mere face lift. The technology report misses the core of contemporary technology debates. It is triply outmoded. It promotes outmoded technology myths and technology paradigms, it ignores social and cultural trends in the current society - technology debates and it is out of date on current technology trends.
For example, it talks of 100,000 Indian software professionals from India going to U.S. annually when 50,000 jobless Indian professionals from the U.S. IT sector are returning to India because of the collapse of IT firms and the economic slow down.
It talks of "trust in technology" and adoption to risks in the age of the Mad Cow and Food and Mouth epidemics
It talks of reduction in undernutrition in South Asia and end of chronic famine at a time when starvation deaths and famines are making a come back due to a decade of trade liberalisation policies and unregulated introduction of inappreciative capital intensive technologies in agriculture.
It talks of industrialisation of the textile sector allowing employment and incomes to increase at a time when thousands of Indian weavers are being pushed to starvation and suicides because of unemployment caused by dismantling the policies that protected the handloom sector and handloom weavers.
The Spinning Wheel: A Symbol of Inertia or Liberation ?
For us in India, breaking free of mills of Manchester and Lancashire was necessary for one freedom and survival. Ignoring the entire experience of India's freedom struggle through the spinning wheel (charkha), the UNDP report states in a section on "costs of inertia versus costs of change" - If the Luddites had succeeded in prohibiting the adoption of spinning jennies, Britain would have foregone the productivity growth that allowed employment and incomes to increase so dramatically.
The policies to promote hand spinning and hand weaving of cloth (khadi) and boycotting mill made cloth were at the heart of India's independence movement. The crisis of unemployment and fall in incomes faced by weavers today was a crisis also generated a century and half ago by the mechanisation of the textile industry in Britain. There was also a devastating impact of the new textile mills opened in India on the handloom weavers.
The growth of the industry began to impinge on the handloom industry.This incursion of mills into areas hitherto considered the special reserves of the handloom industry had a many sided effect and led to unprecedented worsening of the conditions of the handlooms weavers..Actual unemployment was seen as in the statistics of idle handlooms; this was estimated at 13% in 1940 by the fact finding committee (of Handlooms and mills).2
Gandhi's critique of the industrialisation of India on the western model was based on his perception of the poverty, dispossession and destruction of livelihoods which resulted from it.
`Why must India become industrial in the western sense?', Gandhi has asked `what is good for one nation situated in one condition is not necessarily good for another differently situated. One man's food is often another man's poison. Mechanisation is good when hands are too few for the work intended to be accomplished. It is an evil where there are more hands than required for the work as is the case in India.'3
It was to regenerate livelihoods in India that Gandhi thought of the
spinning wheel as a symbol of liberation and a tool for development. Power driven mills were the model of development in that period of early industrialisation. However, the hunger of mills for raw-material and markets was the reason for a new poverty, created by the destruction of livelihoods either by diverting land and biomass from local subsistence to the factory, or by displacing local production through the market.
Gandhi had said that `anything that millions can do together, becomes charged with unique power'. The spinning wheel had become a symbol of such power. `The wheel as such is lifeless, but when I invest it with symbolism, it becomes a living thing for me.'
India got her freedom through the symbol of the spinning wheel and policies that recognised that technology is political and social-cultural construct. It must adopt to people and diverse socio-economic and environmental contexts if it has to serve human development. People cannot be forced and coerced to adopt to technology as an end. With a totally one sided view of the history of technology, the UNDP Technology report refers only to Britain's experience of machanisation of textiles and describes defense of alternatives as "inertia".
Had Gandhi not resurrected the spinning wheel and handlooms, India would have been trapped in colonised inertia. We would have destroyed our rich and diverse textiles. We would have failed to protect the livelihoods and welfare our weavers which is once again threatened by globalisation.
The Seed and Genetic Engineering
While the technology report is written from a totally colonial Eurocentric bias, it claims, instead to be correcting a European and U.S. bias in the debate on technology and genetic engineering. As it states, Debates on emerging technologies tend to mirror the concerns of the rich countries and the current debate in Europe and the Unites States over genetically modified crops mostly ignores the concerns and needs of the developing world. Western consumers who do not face food shortages or nutritional deficiencies or work in fields are more likely to focus on food safety and the potential loss of biodiversity, while farming communities in developing countries are more likely to focus on potentially higher yields and greater nutritional value, and on the reduced need to spray pesticides that can damage soil and sicken farmers.
This is a very distorted and misleading caricature of the history of debates, negotiations and controversies on genetic engineering.
Firstly, western consumers rejected GM foods long after Third World farmers in India have burnt the trial crops of Monsanto's genetically engineered Bt. Cotton. Half a million farmers in India marched against corporate control over seeds through genetic engineering as early as 1993. The courts and regulatory agencies have not yet allowed the commercialisation of Bt. Cotton.
Secondly, the movement for Biosafety, has not been led by western consumers but by Third World governments. Ever since the Earth Summit, it is the governments of the South who have been fighting to put in place the Biosafety Protocol to implement Article 19.3 of the Convention on Biological Diversity. To erase the concerns of the South for safety and ecological risks of genetic engineering and reduce these to luxury concerns of western consumers alone is a distortion of the history of the Biosafety debate. That UNDP should be playing a lead role in erasing the leadership of the South in shaping the Biosafety debate is indeed tragic.
Much of the false promise of genetic engineering upheld by the Biotech industry and the UNDP report is based on earlier myths about the Green Revolution.
As the report states in the Section on Food production and Nutrition, Technological Progress has played a similar role in accelerating food production. Starting in 1960 a green revolution of plant breeding fertiliser use, better seeds and water control transformed land and labour productivity around the world. This had dynamic effects on human development. Increased food production and reduced food prices eliminated much of the under-nutrition and chronic famine in Asia, Latin America and the Arab States. Because, the poorest families rely on agriculture for their livelihood and spend half their incomes on food, this also contributed to huge declines in income poverty.4
Unfortunately, the opposite is true.
Firstly, the Green Revolution focussed only on labour productivity, not resource productivity. In terms of ecological efficiency and conservation of soil, water, biodiversity and energy and the Green Revolution led to a sixty six fold productivity decline from 20 to 0.33.5 This has led to a severe ecological crisis in agriculture threatening the future of food production and creating resource poverty even in resource rich regions like Punjab.
Secondly, repeated reference to doubling of cereal yields ignores the fact that this gain in yields of rice and wheat was at the cost of decline in pulses, oilseeds, millets and greens. In Punjab alone, the area under pulses went down from 13.38% to 3.48%, a four fold decline and the area under oilseeds went down from 6.24% to 2.95% during 1966 - 1986. Malnutrition and deficiencies of protein, iron and vit. A have been a direct result of these rice and wheat monocultures. Genetic engineering of "golden rice" is now being offered as a new miracle in the same reductionist, one dimensional paradigm of technology. While 100 gms of greens give upto 14,000 Mg of vit.A, golden rice will produce only 30Mg of vit.A per 100 gm of rice. "Golden rice" is being offered as increasing vit.A availability and preventing blindness in the Third World. This is the jugglery of figures through which ecologically, economically and socially inappropriate technologies have repeatedly been sold to the Third World as "miracles".
In terms of nutrition per acre, both the Green Revolution and genetic engineering are inefficient and wasteful technologies and create nutritional poverty.
Both Green Revolution and genetic engineering technologies are also creating income poverty as more and more of the scare incomes of farmers are drained to buy costly seeds and chemicals. The shift from open pollinated to hybrid seeds has led to such an escalation of costs that farmers are getting into deep debt. In India new seed technologies have forced farmers into selling kidneys and even committing suicide. 20,000 farmers have committed suicide over 3 years in Punjab and Andhra Pradesh.6
The violence unleashed by the Green Revolution and new agricultural technologies is also evident in the emergence and growth of female foeticide in the Green Revolution state of Punjab.7 Gender equality and discrimination was an important human development indicator used by the human development report. It has evaporated in this technology report.
Genetic engineering and seed patents go hand in hand. Patents and technology fees will further escalate the drain of farmers income. In the U.S., new technologies and new intellectual property rights on seed are already transforming agriculture into a police state as illustrated by Percy Schmeiser case in Canada and 400 other cases in the U.S.
That is why in India, we have started Navdanya, a movement for saving farmers seeds, sharing seeds freely and promoting low cost organic farming which protects biodiversity, increases farmers incomes threefold and farm productivity many fold compared to the industrial agricultural technologies.
Diversity as a pattern of production, not merely of conservation, ensures pluralism and decentralisation. It prevents the dichotomising of biological systems into `primitive' and `advanced'. Like Gandhi challenged the false concepts of obsolescence and productivity in the production of textiles by his search for the spinning wheel, groups across the Third World are challenging the false concepts of obsolescence in agricultural production by searching for seeds used by farmers over centuries and making them the basis of a futuristic self-reliant and sustainable agriculture.
Biodiversity based, resource efficient non-violent farming technologies rather than capital intensive, external input based violent industrial monocultures are the best way forward for the poor and fragile ecosystems.
The UNDP report exposes its blind faith in genetic engineering by totally negating experiences with sustainable ecological agriculture. It states that "Biotechnology offers the only or best `tool of choice' for marginal ecological zones."
This rejection of technological diversity and alternatives is the most fundamental flaw of the UNDP Technology Report. It ends up promoting technological totalitarianism. It is more of a sermon than an analysis. It is more about technology as an end of human development than a means to human development. As a means, technologies will always be pluralistic, since they must adopt to diverse social, economic and ecological contexts. As an end, technology is a coercive monolith to which people and ecosystems must adopt no matter what the costs, no matter what the alternatives.
UNDP seems to have forgotten that human development must put human beings at the centre of concern instead of picking the latest technological tools and fads that some humans have shaped for their political purposes and putting them at the centre of the human enterprise.
In the final analysis, all that the report has done is offer a desperate sales pitch for genetic engineering. That is how it is being used. It has failed to move the debate on technology forward. And it has failed miserably as a Human Development Report.
References:
1. Dharampal, "Collected Writings", Vol. 1, Other India Press, Goa, 2000.
2. DR Gadgil, "Industrial Revolution of India in Recent Times 1860-1939, Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1971, p329
3. Quoted in Pyarelal, "Towards New Horizons", Ahmedabad: Navjivan Press, 1959, p150
4. UNDP HDR 2001, p29
5. a) V Shiva, "Yoked to Death: Globalisation and Corporate Control of Agriculture", RFSTE, Jan 2001
V Shiva, "The Violence of Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics, The Other India Press, Goa, 1992
6. a) Bija Panchayat, Bangalore 2000
V. Shiva et.al "Seeds of Suicide: The Ecological and Human Costs of Globalisation of Agriculture", RFSTE, 1998
7. Personal Communication with Dr. Mira Shiva.
*******************
from: Dr.Vandana Shiva, Director, Research Foundation for Science, Technology & Ecology, A-60, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110 016, INDIA. Phone: 91-11-6968077 / 6853772 Fax : 91-11-6856795 / 6562093 email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. U.R.L.: <http://www.vshiva.net>http://www.vshiva.net ngin